Why Do Galaxies Spin as a Solid Body?

Hubble thought that the types of galaxies called giant ellipticals (a round oval!) are in transition to the spirals or barred spirals. In this scenario the newer galaxies are with the quasars and then they lose power and settle down to a disc with many small spirals. Over time these could evolve to fewer spiral arms of more size somehow. Later research disproved this simple evolution scheme. Because the spiral arms don't actually form in the ellipticals having too little dust for more star formation. Ellipticals have quasars and the other types of spirals don't, so it would seem the lower energy spirals are without the quasar continually and from the start the more massive galaxies are massive and the lower power galaxies are influenced by lower mass from the start.

Perhaps the quasars are so radiant of dust they move all the dust away and though the mass is great, fewer new stars may form, unlike with spiral galaxies that continue to form new stars from the dust.

The problem of solid rotation is common to all types of galaxies and so is the problem that they all spin faster than the centrifugal force allows and they should explode.

It's been assumed there is the missing mass of dark matter that's holding the galaxies together or that perhaps gravity is just stronger at greater distances than usual. If you look at the spiral galaxies before they are old we see the wheel of solid light and around the outside are smaller streamers, these then accrue and got to more and more massive dust arms with regular spacing. These small arms seem to be what will be the larger arms by consolidation. The cause of the streamers and the consolidation of the arms I believe may be black holes and also why all the galaxies spin as a solid body and too fast.


A Possible Mechanism of the Creation of Black Hole Jets

We could well assume the jets are just a carryover from the same physics of dense stars and other superdense magnetic fields. There would be problems with standard relativistic physics here because the escape velocity is so high if nothing can move faster than light no jet can reradiate and the jets seen are often hugely energizing. A simple explanation of a barred spiral is just that the jet is so massive it makes the galaxy spin as a solid body because like a solid line of mass well unified the jet is so strong the rotation is faster. This is where the solid rotation of other galaxies might also arise; if you look at the dust lanes of spiral galaxies they might seem to be low energy bars by a rounder looser continuation of this method. Thus the spirals are connected more loosely but they still have enough inner attraction to spin both as a solid body and also faster than they would if not held together by the more massive cohesion of the smaller black holes. This would be how the spin is unified; the arms are ploughing through the field with stronger cohesion and the resistance to the somewhat less resilient solidity than the more massive jets of barred spirals makes the spiral, this is why the spiral arms always lead and never trail the motion of the spin. When the galaxies are older an odd number of lanes is allowed because there are an odd number of central black holes not yet merged, if there were just massive poles there would always be even numbers of lanes. Ultimately this idea predicts that later in the evolution there would tend to be more even poles.


HOW Do THE JETS MOVE FASTER THAN LIGHT, And What Other Physics Might Be Involved?

Stephen Hawking used the idea of the field being so dense near the event horizon of black holes that virtual particle antiparticle pairs are created, some fall in because of more mass, others radiate out because of more energy leaving the black hole with an ever dwindling mass. Somehow with time this causes more and more evaporation leading to the explosion of these small black holes, e.g. left over from the big bang. I think if a black hole was losing mass by this it would have less and less gravity to make more radiation and so there would be no exploding black holes, Hawking Radiation has already been well proven with strong fields in the lab. If Hawking had looked at supermassive bodies then known he would see no radiation out of the event horizon and the jets would of be disproof of his other idea that all the matter and information that falls into a black hole is lost.

The mechanism he used, though not his own discovery and though not a quantum theory of gravity as hailed by the press in those days, can still be useful to physics perhaps. After all while knowledge of how common matter interacts with gravity is not a quantum theory of gravity either this was the basis of Newton's improvements in physics and perhaps I think some of relativity and gravity. I think of super massive fields as ionizing machines perhaps by a method like Hawking's. Inside the event horizon there would be great tidal forces and this could lead to creation of particle and antiparticles pairs like via Hawking's idea. This not only creates lots of particles, it also seperates them fast and thus perhaps causes lots of charge seperation, then unified to the poles. This could be much the same as the physics of more common stars like pulsars but with the twist that the gravity is almost strong enough to completely overcome the quanta, that is, for a lower power star there's a certain delay that takes time to connect, a real measure of inefficiency. Thus gravity beyond a certain point might have more ions created. There would be many more leptons than heavy particles at inside the event horizon because having less mass more can be more easily caused via creation. Deeper in heavier particles would also be created, these however have lots of inward radiation pressure keeping the tidal force from causing separation unlike the lepton in free fall with acceleration at a richer worth above. This heavier area of compression can't stand up to the gravity by any known force yet here. T'Hooft and I agree there is no proof of destruction of mass energy and I believe there is here a fifth and reaction sixth force by Newton's Third Law inside massive fields, this would explain why the jets have unusual spectra not seen in the accelerators and also of course the source of the jets, cannot be fusion. One important thing to look for in the particle accelerators might be the fifth and sixth force to explain these anomalies and unify the earth and heaven as in old Christmas celebrations, old celebrations all month! Perhaps the results from the LHC are involved. Though there are no long range forces to be seen other than gravity and electromagnetism, more force at close range might have something like the unexplained bonding of the heavy particles recently seen by the LHC. By the energy of the jets we may then find these elusive particles though presumably not stable. (As we go from lower higher mass in common physics beyond the leptons all the particles have generally shorter and shorter life times for more mass, so more massive forces may not be stable except under extreme gravity. They would mostly radiate out with super power only via gravity, and probably not be useful for bombs because if there is no stability except for short times there is no fuel like U238 nearby.).

As I believe, perhaps the jets need faster than light relative motion to reradiate out of the black hole's speed of light inward motion of the field. Feynman believed faster than light signals were the only way to explain black hole cause by unifying the outside with the inside or indeed energy conservation would have the energy be destroyed falling in. I agree with Van Flandern and no doubt Einstein's own idea of the EPR, a faster than light connection. See upper left of my page Physics Synopsis for my reasons why I believe gravity and the EPR may be Faster Than Light.

Note that the polar gravity of a star is stronger than elsewhere so the inward acceleration is even greater at the polar outflow even than inward at the disc and if it's already at the speed of light there, just using something like the "antigravity" of the polar magnetic field is not enough to make the inward acceleration less than the speed of light inward since the gravity is stronger there no weaker. thus the jets have no way out without faster than light.

If we have a bucket and try to lift it in the Earth's field we don't need to lift it faster than 32 feet per second to escape the earth. So too it might seem that we wouldn't even need to have the field of the jets move at near the speed of light to exit the black hole. A less dense field of gravity would perhaps give way to more pressure of the leptons. We do need a way to lift the bucket and this would be a wire of faster than the speed of the earth's field however. Thus the only way for the jet to connect I believe would not be the common electromagnetic field, rather the familiar matter wave field Feynmann, the Quantum Man, found in the foundation, he seemed to realize well that there was a need for the field connection of massive fields via Faster than Light. Thus there would be the basic tidal force to create lots of leptons, then separated by the magnetic jets an outlet for the field. After separation the particles would be drawn apart and inward to the poles by the magnetic force that causes cohesion of most, and beyond a certain point as the charges rise they would perhaps start to repel mostly and also attract and this would draw more charges up by a sort of induction. It wouldn't just be the gravity that powers black holes rather this upward attraction from the poles would allow radiance to rise. If there were no outlet there would be nowhere for the leptons to go and the process would stop. If there were mostly leptons in the main motion of the jets, they being lighter for this too to rise even in strong fields more heavy particles would stay nearer the center. None of this would violate lepton number or baryon number, or ect. At lower energy like common black holes of i.e. 10 solar mass no superfusion would take place, while at high enough densities, as in barred spirals the lights would turn on and higher power for more density. The source of much of the power other than the process of the lepton reradiance of the jets would be just the gravity converting the field to leptons by this mechanism somewhat like Hawking Radiation inside the event horizon. This would be why the huge jets of some realms are seen without any disc to fuel the machine. Indeed the implosion of the field could be a sort of dark matter as I say in the two posts below. The dark matter particles would flow in at lower power and then become the leptons. The question of why the implosion of gravitons here would only give half the increase of mass over time as astronomers observed compared to predictions of the way of this motif I believe may be refined to merely say that the gravity has to always win and thus that the electric reradiance of the poles in only half the gravitational implosion is mostly coincidence, there are few numbers that aren't vast or huge in any kind of connection between forces in subatomic physics like this. It seems there always has to be inward radiance by gravity and then reradiance, but the gravity will always win or there would be stuff like gravity shielding. Sooner or later with increases in astronomy power and the field, there would be nearer levels of gravity with the electromagnetism. (This is what's interesting about the LHC finding of the anamalous union of the higher energy force. It might be near enough the density of the field of a neutron star or a black hole to be near the 5th and 6th force.) Even so if we add more mass like for more massive black holes, like Hawking who agrees with Einstein I believe, more mass would increase more with time. E.g. the older galaxies are thousands of times more massive than young galaxies with no visible way often seen to increase the mass if the field itself was the cause of ion power, this could then unify the spiral arms of the galaxies. The outflow would be highly ionized and attraction the would make the galaxies solid and make them spin fast, and so on. We might expect to see zones of North and South leptons, in the center of each zone is the black hole. The ion outflow attracts the stars. You might ask if the electric charge is so much stronger than gravity in ions, why don't the black holes move together, actually they do to form the larger arms later, even so the interstellar distances may be so large it takes a long time, and most of the ions may combine outside with other ions to neutralize much of the attraction. Most star systems are binaries and so most black holes bound to the star would have twice as much force to move it nearer to other black holes.

The same process of cohesion would be in elliptical galaxies, except they would have more random angles as jumbled up by the quasar, this would be why they're round while other massive systems are not, i.e. superclusters ould be more oval because they have more random angles of the jets of each member of the system.
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